Emotional responses and memory performance of middle-aged CD1 mice in a 3D maze: Effects of low infrared light-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17855128/ “elicited significant effects on working memory, with the IR middle-aged mice being more considerate in their decision making, which results in an overall improved cognitive performance which is comparable to that of young CD-1 mice. The present study describes a novel method for assessing emotional responses and memory performance in a 3D spatial navigation task and demonstrates the validity of our new all-in-one test and its sensitivity to ageing and non-invasive beneficial IR treatment.”

Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Reduction after Laser Transcatheter Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease-https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=56921 165 person study with Alheimer’s ranging included early, moderate and severe dementia compared to medication treatment. “The Test Group had cerebral microcirculation improvement leading to permanent dementia reduction and cognitive recovery which allowed transferring the patients to a lighter TDR group or withdrawing them from the scale. Control Group (Medication treatment) patients with earlier AD stages (TDR-0, TDR-1, TDR-2) obtained stabilization for a period of 6 months-3 years, with subsequent growth of dementia and cognitive impairment; patients with late AD stage (TDR-3) showed further increase of cognitive impairment and dementia.”

Endovascular Application of Low-Energy Laser in the Treatment of Dyscirculatory Angiopathy of Alzheimer’s Type-https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=17730 81 patients comparing medication to endovascular laser therapy. “In Test Group, positive outcome accompanied by prolonged dementia decline, cognitive impairment decrease, and patients’ transition to CDR group of an earlier stage, was obtained in all cases. In Control Group, patients’ temporary stabilization in their own CDR group was achieved. Conclusions: Endovascular treatment of patients with AD different stages can not only reduce DAAT phenomena but can also cause AD regression possibly accompanied by regenerative processes in the cerebral tissue. Conservative treatment only allows stabilizing the patient’s condition for a while.”

Low Energy Laser Light (632.8 nm) Suppresses Amyloid-β Peptide-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Astrocytes.-https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=1491416 “The Test Group had cerebral microcirculation improvement leading to permanent dementia reduction and cognitive recovery which allowed transferring the patients to a lighter TDR group or withdrawing them from the scale.”

Low-Level Laser Therapy Regulates Microglial Function through Src-Mediated Signaling Pathways: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases.-https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=googlescholar&id=GALE|A534283888&v=2.1&it=r&asid=c3fb5044 “The present study underlines the importance of Src in suppressing inflammation and enhancing microglial phagocytic function in activated microglia during LLLT stimulation. We have identified a new and important neuroprotective signaling pathway that consists of regulation of microglial phagocytosis and inflammation under LLLT treatment. Our research may provide a feasible therapeutic approach to control the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.”

Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function? A systematic review of human studies “Of the 35 studies identified, 29 (82.9 %) studies reported positive improvement in cognitive functions after tPBM. All nine studies on participants with subjective memory complaints, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia, showed positive outcomes. Seven (87.5 %) studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients also showed positive results.”-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568163722002288

A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of a Transcranial Photobiomodulation Helmet in Parkinson’s Disease: Post-Hoc Analysis of Motor Outcomes-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37109183/ “tPBM appears to be a safe treatment and improved several PD motor symptoms in patients that responded to treatment. tPBM is proving to be increasingly attractive as a possible non-pharmaceutical adjunct therapy.”

Exploring the Use of Intracranial and Extracranial (Remote) Photobiomodulation Devices in Parkinson’s Disease: A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Systemic Stimulations-https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad210052 “In recent times, photobiomodulation has been shown to be beneficial in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, improving locomotive behavior and being neuroprotective. Early observations in people with Parkinson’s disease have been positive also, with improvements in the non-motor symptoms of the disease being evident most consistently.”

Photobiomodulation Therapy for Dementia: A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935090/ “Nine articles reported in vitro studies, 17 articles reported studies in animal models of dementia, and 10 studies were conducted in dementia patients. All of the included studies reported positive results.”

Non-invasive photobiomodulation treatment in an Alzheimer Disease-like transgenic rat model-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35265207/ “Collectively, our data supports the potential use of PBM treatment to prevent or slow the progression of AD and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PBM therapy.”

Beneficial Effects of Exercise Pretreatment in a Sporadic Alzheimer’s Rat Model-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29232315/ “Exercise pretraining exerts multifactorial benefits on AD that support its use as a promising new therapeutic option for prevention of neurodegeneration in the elderly and/or AD population.”

Low-level laser therapy for beta amyloid toxicity in rat hippocampus-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27815990/ “Aβ accumulation is believed to be the main cause of synaptic dysfunction and neuronal degeneration in the AD brain including the hippocampus, the region at the core of a cortical learning and memory system. Using a rat model of hippocampal Aβ peptide injection, the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that LLI was able to attenuate Aβ-induced neurodegeneration and improve Aβ-induced impaired recognition memories. LLI had efficacious effects on mitochondrial homeostasis and dynamics, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and tau pathology without apparent effects when administered to healthy animals. Our results add to a growing body of evidence supportive of a pivotal role for mitochondrial dysfunction in AD pathogenesis.LLI treatment suppressed Aβ-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and long-term spatial and recognition memory impairments. Molecular studies revealed that LLI treatment: (1) restored mitochondrial dynamics, by altering fission and fusion protein levels thereby suppressing Aβ- induced extensive fragmentation; (2) suppressed Aβ-induced collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential; (3) reduced oxidized mitochondrial DNA and excessive mitophagy; (4) facilitated mitochondrial homeostasis via modulation of the Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio and of mitochondrial antioxidant expression; (5) promoted cytochrome c oxidase activity and adenosine triphosphate synthesis; (6) suppressed Aβ-induced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity; (7) enhanced the total antioxidant capacity of hippocampal CA1 neurons, whereas reduced the oxidative damage; and (8) suppressed Aβ-induced reactive gliosis, inflammation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Although development of AD treatments has focused on reducing cerebral Aβ levels, by the time the clinical diagnosis of AD or mild cognitive impairment is made, the brain is likely to have already been exposed to years of elevated Aβ levels with dire consequences for multiple cell ular pathways. By alleviating a broad spectrum of Aβ-induced pathology that includes mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and tau pathology, LLI could represent a new promising therapeutic strategy for AD.”

Turning On Lights to Stop Neurodegeneration: The Potential of Near Infrared Light Therapy in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707222/ “Although in its infancy, with the bulk of results still at the pre-clinical “proof of concept” stage, NIr therapy has the potential to develop into a safe and effective neuroprotective treatment for patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (and presumably other neurodegenerative diseases such multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). If NIr was applied at early stages of the disease process, for example at first diagnosis, it could potentially slow further progression by protecting neurons from death. Consequently, over time, the greater neuronal survival would lessen the clinical signs and symptoms. Further, NIr therapy—because of its lack of side-effects and neuroprotective potential—is amenable to use in conjunction with other treatments. For example, patients may have NIr therapy with a reduced dosage of drugs as a first line treatment; the potential neuroprotective effect of NIr could prolong the efficacy of the drug therapy.”

Transcranial near-infrared laser improves postoperative neurocognitive disorder in aged mice via SIRT3/AMPK/Nrf2 pathway-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36760797 “Transcranial near-infrared laser improved cognitive impairment in aged mice with PND, which may be a promising therapeutic for PND.”

Photobiomodulation for the aging brain-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353475053_Photobiomodulation_for_the_aging_brain#pf12 “Aging is a multifactorial biological process, characterized by a decline in physiological functions, including brain functions. Studies with animals and humans show that PBM can improve cognitive function during this phase of life. It is likely that the ability of PBM to facilitate brain energy and hemodynamic metabolism, reduce inflammatory and oxidative stress levels and regulate the rate of apoptotic proteins is closely related to the beneficial effects on cognitive 13 functions. Moreover, there is no evidence in the literature that PBM adversely affects brain activity in healthy older adults and patients with brain damage. Thus, we can consider PBM to be a promising strategy for treating the cognitive deficits observed during aging”

Pilot Study on Dose-Dependent Effects of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Brain Electrical Oscillations: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer’s Disease.-https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34092636 “Our data suggest a dose-dependent effect of tPBM with NIR on cerebral gamma and beta neuronal activity. Altogether, our findings support the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial NIR.”

Exploring the Effect of Combined Transcranial and Intra-Oral Photobiomodulation Therapy Over a Four-Week Period on Physical and Cognitive Outcome Measures for People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092640/ “Montreal Cognitive Assessment remained stable between start and end of study. No measures demonstrated statistically significant changes. With regular treatment, the spiral (writing) test and the dynamic step test were most sensitive to change in a positive direction; and the 9-hole peg test demonstrated a minimum clinically important difference worthy of further investigation in a larger, adequately powered clinical trial. Conclusion: The results support the notion that combined transcranial and intra-oral photobiomodulation therapy needs to be applied at least 2 to 3 times per week for at least four weeks before some improvement in outcome measures becomes evident. Longer courses of treatment may be required.”

Treatment of Neurodegeneration: Integrating Photobiomodulation and Neurofeedback in Alzheimer’s Dementia and Parkinson’s: A Review-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31647776/ “PBM-treated subjects showed that active treatment subjects tended to show greater improvement in the functioning of the executive: clock drawing, immediate recall, practical memory, and visual attention and task switching (Trails A&B). A larger study using the CerebroLite helmet in Temple Texas again of subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled IRB-approved FDA Clinical Trial demonstrated gain in memory and cognition by increased clock drawing.”

Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28186867/ “There was significant improvement after 12 weeks of PBM (MMSE, p < 0.003; ADAS-cog, p < 0.023). Increased function, better sleep, fewer angry outbursts, less anxiety, and wandering were reported post-PBM. There were no negative side effects. Precipitous declines were observed during the follow-up no-treatment, 4-week period. This is the first completed PBM case series to report significant, cognitive improvement in mild to moderately severe dementia and possible AD cases.”

Rapid Reversal of Cognitive Decline, Olfactory Dysfunction, and Quality of Life Using Multi-Modality Photobiomodulation Therapy: Case Report-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31050946/ “The patient showed a significant improvement in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score from 18 to 24 and in the Working Memory Questionnaire score from 53 to 10. The cognitive enhancement was accompanied by reversal of olfactory dysfunction as measured by the Alberta Smell Test and peanut butter odor detection test. Quality-of-life measures improved and caregiver stress was reduced. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: PBM therapy may be a promising noninvasive approach for patients with neurodegenerative diseases.”

Transcranial, Red/Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Therapy to Improve Cognition in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury-https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/pho.2015.4037 “Testing was performed before and after transcranial LED (tLED; at 1 week, 1 month, and at 2 months after the 18th treatment) and showed significant improvements in executive function and verbal memory.”